So, MC Grammar has become an exam invigilator. This means that I let kids into exams, then I give them their exam papers and I tell them all the important rules about the exam. Then if anything goes wrong, like a paper with a messed-up question, or a freak-out by one of the kids, MC Grammar is right on top of it, sorting it out, talking them off the roof, returning them to their table, and making a note of all incidents in the special invigilator file.
But just the other day, I noticed something alarming. I was reading my special invigilator handbook, accurately titled General, Vocational and Diploma Qualifications – Instructions for conducting examinations. It struck me as a bit strange that since this was the title of the handbook, they hadn’t followed the general rule of capitalising all the key words, and left ‘conducting’ and ‘examinations’ alone to fend for themselves against a whole crowd of fearsome capitalisations.
But it got worse. Down the bottom of the page read ‘At least one copy of these Instructions must be available in each examination room.’
Why did ‘Instructions’ get a capital letter? Yes, it’s a noun, i.e it is the name of something, and technically the names of things get capitalised, but ‘copy’, ‘examination’ and ‘room’ are all nouns too, aren't they? Where was their glory? Where was their time to shine?
There are some basic rules for capitalising words. Let’s power through the basic ones first, then jump into the big daddies afterwards.
A word needs to start with a capital letter when it is:
1. A day of the week. Take note that the seasons are not capitalised.
It was Wednesday by the time I realised that it was autumn.
2. The name of a language.
Apparently Hungarian is really hard to learn.
Complication alert! The names of subjects in school are not capitalised, unless they happen to be languages.
Today I have geography, maths and Spanish.
3. The first word of a sentence, or comes after an exclamation or question mark.
Have we seen the last of Janet Jackson’s left nipple? Probably not.
The names of festivals, holidays and holy days
Such as Christmas, Ramadan, the feast of Purim and Halloween.
4. Distinctive historical periods
London was a prosperous city during the Middle Ages.
Britain was the first country to experience the Industrial Revolution.The Greeks were in Greece during the Bronze Age
4. The first word of a direct quotation
In my frustration I cried out ‘It has come to this and I blame myself!’ A passer-by wearing a Trent from Punchy shirt comforted me.
BUT there is no capital if the quotation is not a complete sentence.
The mayor described the stealing of his trousers as 'disappointing'
OK, so that’s all fairly straight forward. The next set of rules flirt a little more with the grey area between ‘nouns that get all the glory’ and ‘nouns that nobody loves’.
Words need to start with a capital for:
5. Proper names. A proper name means a name or title that refers to a person, a place, and institution or an individual event.
My name is Tom Baker
There was a fight between Professor Lacey and Doctor Davis
The Golden Gate Bridge is in San Francisco Bay
The Queen is addressing the House of Commons
I’m trying out for the Winter Olympics
This can get mighty confusing. For example:
I have met the President.
Dave is the president of a massive company.
In the first sentence, ‘President’ is capitalised because it refers to a specific person. In the second, ‘president’ is just the description of Dave’s job. Here’s another example.
Saint Servatius is the patron saint of rats.
‘Saint Servatius’ is the title and name of Saint Servatius, but ‘patron saint’ is not, and so gets no capital.
The title of a book, play, poem, film magazine, etc. Basically if it’s the title of a piece of art, media or entertainment, it gets capitalised. Note that words like 'the', ‘of’, ‘and’ or ‘in’ are not capitalised unless it’s the first word.
That movie 'Bully' is messed up.
Just because I haven’t read 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' doesn’t mean I can’t guess what happens in the end.
I enjoy the classical piece, 'Air on the G String'.
Aunt May keeps telling me how losing my virginity will be like giving away a Special Flower.
According to Ben, Fallout Boy are the Next Big Thing.
Can’t you just hear the sarcasm dripping off the page! If you ever want to own someone using the power of grammar, this is all you need to know.
So suddenly, I think I have the answer to why ‘Instructions’ is such a special word, while all the sad little words around it get ignored. ‘Instructions’, unlike ‘copy’, ‘examination’ and ‘room’, not only refers to a specific thing, unlike, say ‘room’, which could refer to any which room the instructions find themselves in, but it’s also the official, or ‘proper’ title of the thing which MC Grammar finds himself holding in his hand.
And so another grammar mystery has been solved!MC Grammar’s personal favourite use of capitalisations is to indicate sarcasm. You might have noticed that sarcasm is generally limited to spoken word, because it mostly gets expressed through tone of voice. For example, if I was to write that I really enjoy the films of Kevin Costner, you can’t be sure if I’m being sarcastic or if I’m an idiot without hearing the tone of my voice.
Thursday, 18 June 2009
Wednesday, 3 June 2009
Many funky uses of the apostrophe
Like a lover you come to know expertly over time, we have now come to know the apostrophe intimately. We have seen it from many different angles and in many different lights. We’ve looked at the rule of Its and It’s, and the rule of indicating possessives, but there are still a few uses of the apostrophe that we haven’t explored.
But first, let’s get reacquainted with some old friends. In 2002, the Australian show Popstars manufactured a pop group called Scandal’us. Here they are, touching each other in a suggestive way. A year earlier, the UK version of the same show produced a band called Hear’Say.
But first, let’s get reacquainted with some old friends. In 2002, the Australian show Popstars manufactured a pop group called Scandal’us. Here they are, touching each other in a suggestive way. A year earlier, the UK version of the same show produced a band called Hear’Say.
Band names like this say a lot about how little we understand apostrophes. The apostrophe has a group of vital functions in grammar and language. If it was a person, it would be the head of a laboratory that was researching climate change, or an award- winning journalist who had been reporting on government corruption. It would be an important person, but a very serious one. It definitely would not be happy to be thrown into a dodgy pop group’s name by their manager as some sort of pretend rebellion against society.
MC Grammar believes that it’s no coincidence that both these bands had disrespect for the apostrophe, and that they both broke up within a year of winning the Popstars competition. Sadly, at least one of these people now sleeps with Kyle Sandilands, and MC Grammar thinks that in a way, that’s also karmic retribution for mistreating the apostrophe. Don’t let that happen to you. Follow the simple rules for using apostrophes.
1. It indicates time or quantity.
In one week’s time
Or, if the amount of time or quantity is plural:
Two weeks’ notice
Four metres’ worth of rope
2. It indicates the omission if figures in dates
It was the summer of ‘69
3. It indicates the omission of letters
I come from Jo’burg.
I hadn’t thought of that.
She should’ve thrown this out.
Where is the cat-o’-nine-tails?
Bear in mind that there are lots of words that are shortenings of other words, but have become so common in their own right that it’s not necessary to use an apostrophe to indicate the part that’s been left off. For example, phone is a shortening of telephone, and fridge is a shortening of refrigerator, but this is an example where the punctuation isn’t needed because the meaning doesn’t get lost without it.
4. It features in Irish names such as O’Reilly and O’Malley.
5. It indicates the plurals of letters,
Such as: How many t’s are there in attachment?
The apostrophe can also be sometimes be used to indicated non-standard English, like in ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ when the gamekeeper speaks vernacular English, while Lady Chatterley doesn’t. For example, he says,
If yer want ter be ‘ere, yo’ll non want me messin’ abaht a’ th’ time
But this isn’t a hard and fast rule. Just do what your heart tells you.
MC Grammar believes that it’s no coincidence that both these bands had disrespect for the apostrophe, and that they both broke up within a year of winning the Popstars competition. Sadly, at least one of these people now sleeps with Kyle Sandilands, and MC Grammar thinks that in a way, that’s also karmic retribution for mistreating the apostrophe. Don’t let that happen to you. Follow the simple rules for using apostrophes.
1. It indicates time or quantity.
In one week’s time
Or, if the amount of time or quantity is plural:
Two weeks’ notice
Four metres’ worth of rope
2. It indicates the omission if figures in dates
It was the summer of ‘69
3. It indicates the omission of letters
I come from Jo’burg.
I hadn’t thought of that.
She should’ve thrown this out.
Where is the cat-o’-nine-tails?
Bear in mind that there are lots of words that are shortenings of other words, but have become so common in their own right that it’s not necessary to use an apostrophe to indicate the part that’s been left off. For example, phone is a shortening of telephone, and fridge is a shortening of refrigerator, but this is an example where the punctuation isn’t needed because the meaning doesn’t get lost without it.
4. It features in Irish names such as O’Reilly and O’Malley.
5. It indicates the plurals of letters,
Such as: How many t’s are there in attachment?
The apostrophe can also be sometimes be used to indicated non-standard English, like in ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ when the gamekeeper speaks vernacular English, while Lady Chatterley doesn’t. For example, he says,
If yer want ter be ‘ere, yo’ll non want me messin’ abaht a’ th’ time
But this isn’t a hard and fast rule. Just do what your heart tells you.
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